Structural Interpretation and Time-Depth Conversion Based on 2D Seismic Data of Indus Offshore Area, Pakistan
Structural Interpretation and Time-Depth Conversion Based on 2D Seismic Data of Indus Offshore Area, Pakistan
Keywords:
strata correlation, structural interpretation, time-depth conversion, Indus offshore area.
Abstract
Indus offshore basin of Pakistan is a prolific region for hydrocarbon resource exploration, however along with availability of limited geological and geophysical data, an attempted has been carried out in this area. Data from a seismic strike line 9033-86 which containing shot points 1481 to 3361 have been deliberated comprehensively with remarkable and tremendous calibration. Five prominent and imperative reflectors specifically the Upper Cretaceous, Eocene, Lower-Upper Oligocene and Intra Miocene successions were interpreted through seismic tactics. Structurally, area comprises of normal faults i.e. horst and graben structures on the seismic profiles. Three normal faults have been recognized in the region, which reflect the extensional regime and associated structural styles. Through analysis of vertical and lateral velocity variations of various geological layers, interval velocity and average velocity graphs have been prepared from the concerned velocity functions. According to the time-depth conversion model, depth contour maps outline the Eocene units with anticline and syncline. The trend of these reflectors shows that these are more or less parallel to each other while dipping towards the northwest which may provide a suitable structure for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. Therefore, an integrated study of accurate seismic interpretation, structural analysis and time-depth conversion provided a promising site for future hydrocarbon exploration.
References
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Ashraf, U., Zhu, P., Yasin, Q., Anees, A., Imraz, M., Mangi, H. N., & Shakeel, S. (2019). Classification of reservoir facies using well log and 3D seismic attributes for prospect evaluation and field development: A case study of Sawan gas field, Pakistan. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 175, 338-351.
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Ashraf, U., Zhu, P., Anees, A., Abbas, A., & Talib, A. (2016). Analysis of balkassar area using velocity modeling and interpolation to affirm seismic interpretation, upper indus basin. Geosciences, 6(3), 78-91.
Anees, A., Zhong, S. W., Ashraf, U., & Abbas, A. (2017). Development of a computer program for zoeppritz energy partition equations and their various approximations to affirm presence of hydrocarbon in missakeswal area. Geosciences, 7(2), 55-67.
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Abid M., Riaz M., Zafar T., Muhammad Asif M., Shakir U., (2019) Integrated approach for Reservoir characterization and Field development of Meyal area, Upper Indus basin, Pakistan. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences (Accepted).
Bally AW (2002) Atlas of seismic stratigraphy. AAPG Stud Geol No. 27, (volumes 1, 2, 3)
Chatterjee S, Goswami A, Scotese CR (2013) The longest voyage: tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward fight from Gondwana to Asia. Gondwana Res 23:238–267.
Carmichael SM, Akhter S, Bennett JK et al (2009) Geology and hydrocarbon potential of the offshore Indus Basin, Pakistan.Pet Geosci 15:107–116.
Dar, Q. U., Pu, R., Baiyegunhi, C., Shabeer, G., Ali, R. I., Ashraf, U., & Mehmood, M. (2021). The impact of diagenesis on the reservoir quality of the early Cretaceous Lower Goru sandstones in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 1-16.
Dar, Q. U. Z., Renhai, P., Ghazi, S., Ahmed, S., Ali, R. I., & Mehmood, M. (2021). Depositional facies and reservoir characteristics of the Early Cretaceous Lower Goru Formation, Lower Indus Basin Pakistan: Integration of petrographic and gamma-ray log analysis. Petroleum.
Edwards RA, Minshull TA, White RS (2000) Extension across the Indian–Arabian plate boundary: the Murray Ridge. Geophys j Int 142:461–477.
Farzadi P (2006) High resolution seismic stratig raphic analysis: an integrated approach to the subsurface geology of the SE Persian Gulf. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bergen, Norway, pp 1–66
Gaedicke C, Schlüter H-U, Roeser HA et al (2002) Origin of the northern Indus Fan and Murray Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea: interpretation from seismic and magnetic imaging. Tectonophysics 355:127–143.
Gadallah, Mamdouh R.; Fisher, Ray L, (2005), Applied Seismology - A Comprehensive Guide to Seismic Theory and Application, Penn Well Corporation, Tulsa Oklahoma.
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167.
Jacob KH, Quittmeyer RL (1979) The Makran region of Pakistan and Iran: Trench-Arc system with active plate subduction. In: Farah A, DeJong A (eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey Pakistan, Quetta, pp 305–317
Khan, N.; Rehman, K.; Ahmad, S.; Khokher, J.; Hajana, M.I.; Hanif, M.: Sequence stratigraphic analysis of Eocene rock strata, Indus Offshore, southwest Pakistan. Mar. Geophys. Res. 37, 208– 223 (2016).
Khan, N.; A,A, Konaté.; Zhu,P.: “Integrated Geophysical Study of the Lower Indus Platform Basin Area of Pakistan”, International Journal of Geosciences, Vol.4 No.9(2013), Article ID:39499,6 pages
Kolla, V. and F. Coumes 1987, Mophology, internal structure, seismic stratigraphy and sedimentation on Indus Fan. AAPG Bulletin 71, 650-677.
Miller K, Mountain G, Wright J, Browning J (2011) A 180-millionyear record of sea level and ice volume variations from continental margin and deep-sea isotopic records. Oceanography 24:40–53.
Moghal, M.A., Saqi, M.I., Hameed, A., Bugti, M.N. 2007. Subsurface geometry of Potwar Sub-basin in relation to structuration and entrapment. , 61-72.
Quadri, V.N.; Quadri, S.M.G.J.: Cretaceous of Pakistan. India should hold more promise. Oil Gas J. 96, 85–88 (1998)
Riaz, M., Pimentel, N., Ghazi, S., Zafar, T., Jafarian, A. (2019). 2D Seismic Interpretation of Meyal area, Northern Potwar Deform Zone (NPDZ), Potwar Sub-Basin, Pakistan. Open Geosciences, 11: 1-16.
Riaz, M., Pimentel, N., Ghazi, S., Zafar, T., Alam, A., Ariser, S. (2018). Lithostratigraphic Analysis of the Eocene reservoir units of Meyal area, Potwar Basin, Pakistan. Himalayan Geology. 39(2): 161- 170.
Wandrey CJ, Law BE, Shah HA (2004) Sembar Goru/Ghazij composite total petroleum system, Indus and Sulaiman–Kirthar Geologic Provinces, Pakistan and India. USGS Bull 2208-C A, DeJong A (eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey Pakistan, Quetta, pp 305–317
Zachos J (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate. 65 Ma to present. Science 292:686–693.
