The Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cambrian succession in the Saiduwali Section, Trans Indus ranges, Pakistan
Keywords:
Lithofacies, Cambrian sequence, provenance, Trans Indus Range, Pakistan
Abstract
The Cambrian Khewra, Kussak and Jutana Formation from the Saiduwali section, Chashma, Dera Ismael Khan has been studied in detail in order to investigate the sedimentology and provenance. This paper describes the litho-facies changes, depositional environment, and provenance analysis of the Cambrian Khewra, Kussak and Jutana Formation, Saiduwali section, Trans Indus Ranges, Pakistan. The sedimentological investigation shows that the depositional environment for the Khewra sandstone was Marginal Marine, for the Kussak Formation restricted marine, and for the Jutana formation supratidal to the intertidal depositional environment are suggested. The model classification of the Khewra Sandstone shows that, the Quartz percentage ranges from 85 to 93%, Feldspar 1 to 5%, and the percentage of lithic ranges from 0.5 to 3%. Based on these classifications the Khewra Sandstone falls in the Quartz Arenite Category. The model classification of the Kussak Formation shows that, the Quartz percentage ranges from 80 to 90%, Feldspar 2 to 5%, and the percentage of lithic ranges from 0.5 to 5%. Which shows that the Kussak Formation fall in the Quartz Arenite Category. The source area for Khewra Sandstone, and Kussak Formation was cratonic interior. And the source area for the sandstone of the Khewra and Kussak Formation is from cratonic interior of Indian shield. In the Jutana Formation, the clastic sedimentation has come from the foreign basin (mostly igneous, and sedimentary rocks). These sediments may be derived from the Cambrian Sea, which was near to the source.
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Allen, J. R. L. 1982, Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis, Volume II. Developments in Sedimentology, 30, 71009-4.
Beale, H. H. G. (1990). Relative rise in sea-level during the late Holocene at six salt marshes in the Puget basin, Washington.
Beck, R. A., Burbank, D. W., Sercombe, W. J., Riley, G. W., Brandt, J. R., Afzal, J., Khan, A. M., Jurgen, H., Metje, J., Cheema, A., Shafique, A., Lawrence, R. D. and Khan, M. A., 1995. Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature, v. 373, pp. 55-58.
Boggs S (2006) Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy: Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Boggs Jr, S. (1987). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy: Merrill Publ. Co., Columbus, Ohio.
Bosellini, A., Gianolla, P., & Stefani, M. (2003). Geology of the Dolomites. Episodes, 26(3), 181-185.
Choquette, P. W., & Hiatt, E. E. (2008). Shallow‐burial dolomite cement: a major component of many ancient sucrosic dolomites. Sedimentology, 55(2), 423- 460
Collinson, J. (1994). Sedimentary deformational structures. In The geological deformation of sediments (pp. 95-125). Springer, Dordrecht.
Collinson, J. D., & Thompson, D. B. (1982). Sedimentary structures (No. 551.3. 051 COL).
Dickinson WR, Beard LS, Brakenridge GR, Erjavec JL, Ferguson RC, Inman KF, Knepp RA, Lindberg FA, Ryberg PT (1983) Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94 (2): 222-235.
Dickinson WR, Suczek CA, (1979) Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions, AAPG Bulletin 63 (12): 2164- 2182.
Folk, R. L. (1974). Petrology of sedimentary rocks: Austin. Texas, Hemphill, 182.
Ghazi S (2009) Sedimentology and stratigraphic evolution of the Early Permian Warcha Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of the Leeds, England.
Ghazi S, Mountney NP (2011) Petrography and provenance of the Early Permian Fluvial Warchha Sandstone, Salt Range, Pakistan, Sedimentary Geology 233 (1-4): 88-110.
Gee, E. R., & Gee, D. G. (1989). Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of northern Pakistan. Geological Society of America special paper, 232, 95-112.
Kazmi AH, Rana RA (1982) Tectonic map of Pakistan, scale 1:2,000,000, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.
Khan, M. J., Ghazi, S., Mehmood, M., Yazdi, A., Naseem, A. A., Sarwar, U., & Ullah, H. (2021). Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro formation Rakhi Gorge, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(4).
KHAN, M.J., OPDYKE, N.D. and TAHIRKHELI, R.A.K., 1988. Magnetic stratigraphy of the Siwalik Group, Bhittani, Marwat and Khasor Ranges, Northwestern Pakistan and the timing of Neogene tectonics of the Trans Indus. Journal of Geophysical Research 93(B10), 11773-11790.
Khan, M.A [1971] Lithological classification of the Kussak formation, Khewra gorge, Salt range, Khewra. Geol. Bull, University of Peshawar, 6.
Lillie, J. R., Blisniuk, P. M., and Sonder, J. L., 1998, “Foreland Normal Faults control on Northwest Himalayan Thrust Front Development”, Published by American Geophysical Union, Tectonics, v. no. 1.
MACNAUGHTON, R.B., 1997, An integrated study of the sedimentolo- gy, sequence stratigraphy, and ichnology of Neoproterozoic-Cam- brian transitional strata, Mackenzie Mountains, northwestern Canada: Unpublished PhD Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 243
Miall AD, (1985) Architectural-element analysis: A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits, Earth Science Reviews22: 261-308.
Miall AD, (1996) The geology of fluvial deposits: Sedimentary facies, Basin Analysis, and Petroleum geology, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Nichols, G. (2009). Sedimentology and stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons. Palaeoecology, volume 191, 373-384.
Pervaiz, R., Umar, M., Wajid, A. A., Khan, J. K., Israr, A., Rehman, S. U., & Pervaiz, A. (2017). Provenance Analysis and Diagenetic Control of Early Cambrian Kussak Formation, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Nucleus, 54(1), 52-65.
Pettijohn, F. J. (1975). Sedimentary rocks (Vol. 3, p. 628). New York: Harper & Row.
Pfeil, R. W., & Read, J. F. (1980). Cambrian carbonate platform margin facies, Shady Dolomite, southwestern Virginia, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 50(1), 91-116.
Powell CM (1979). A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings: Some constraints from the Indian Ocean. In, A. Farah and K. A. De Jong (Eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 5-24.
Reading, H. G. (1996). Clastic coast. Sedimentary environments: processes, facies and stratigraphy, 154-231.
Reineck, H. E., Singh, I. B. 1973. Depositional Sedimentary Environments. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 439pp.
Saqab, M. M., Murtaza, G., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, T., & Rahim, H. (2009). Sedimentology & reservoir potential of the early Cambrian Khewra Sandstone, Khewra Gorge, Eastern Salt Range, Pakistan.
Shinn, E. A. (1968). Practical significance of birdseye structures in carbonate rocks. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 38(1), 215-223.
Smith, H. A., Chamberlain, C. P. and Zeitler, P. K., 1994. Timing and duration of Himalaya metamorphism within the Indian plate, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. Journal of Geology, v. 102, pp., 493-503.
Weils, J. T. and Coleman, J. M., 1984. Delta morphology and sedimentology, with special reference to Indus River Delta. In: Haq. B. U. and Milliman, J. D. (eds.) Marine Geology and oceanography of Arabian sea and Coastal Pakistan. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 85-100.
Wilson, M. A., Vinn, O., & Yancey, T. E. (2011). A new microconchid tubeworm from the Artinskian (Lower Permian) of central Texas, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 56(4), 785-791.
Yeats RS, Hussain A (1987) Timing of structural events in the Himalayan foothills of northwestern Pakistan, Geological Society of America Bulletin 99: 161-176.
