Application of Remote Sensing for Geological Mapping Using Landsat etm+ Satellite image For Part of Western Hazara Ranges Across Siran River, North Pakistan
Abstract
The Aluli area, Western Hazara Ranges, comprises of Precambrian Tanawal Formation, Early Cambrian Abbottabad Formation and Recent alluvium. These formations consist of variety of lithological units including phyllite, quartzites, quartz mica schist, sandstones, siltstones, conglomerates, dolomites, limestones and alluvium. The geological mapping of these constituent lithologies is carried out using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image enhancement techniques, which include band composition and band rationing. The False Color Composite (FCC) 5-3-1 is found significant to recognize the folds and faults on LandsatETM+ satellite image. The FCCs 7-5-4, 4-5-7 and 3/1-5/7-5/4 are best in differentiating the geological units. The field mapping along selected traverses gave a better control to identify the specific lithological units on the FCC images. This exercise gives a better geological control to extend the geological units to nearby areas. This study provides a simple supplementary and effective application of Landsat ETM+ satellite image to be used in the future as an aid to geological mapping.
References
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Yesou, H., Besnus, Y., Rolet, J., 1993. Extraction of spectral information from Landsat TM data and merger with SPOT panchromatic imagerya contribution to the study of geological structures. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 48, 23-36.
Ali, S.A., Pirasteh, S., 2004. Geological applications of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data and Geographic Information System (GIS): Mapping and structural interpretation in south-west Iran, Zagros Structural Belt. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25, 4715-4727.
Bannert, D., Cheema, A., Ahmed, A., Schäffer, U., 1993. The Structural Development of the Western Fold Belt, -Pakistan. Geologisches Jahrbuch., Reihe B.
Beauchemin, M., Fung, K.B., 2001. On statistical band selection for image visual izati on. PE & RS-Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67,571-574.
Bilotti, F., Shaw, J.H., Brennan, P.A., 2000. Quantitative structural analysis with stereoscopic remote sensing imagery. AAPG bulletin 84, 727-740.
Bossart, P., Dietrich, D., Greco, A., Ottiger, R., Ramsay, J.G.,1988. The tectonic structure of the Hazara- Kashmir Syntaxis, southern Himalayas, Pakistan. Tectonics 7, 273-297.
Chavez, P., Sides, S.C.,Anderson, J.A., 1991. Comparison of three different methods to merge multiresolution and multispectral data- Landsat TM and SPOT panchromatic. Photogrammetric Engineering and remote sensing 57,295-303.
Clark, R.N., 1999. Spectroscopy of rocks and minerals, and principles of spectroscopy. Manual of remote sensing 3, 3-58.
Clark, R.N., King, T.V., Klejwa, M., Swayze, G.A., Vergo, N.,1990. High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (19782012) 95, 12653-12680.
Crippen, R., Hajic, E., Estes, J., Blom, R., 1990. Statistical band and band-ratio selection to maximize spectral information in color composite displays. Remote Sensing of Environment, (submitted).
Dehnavi, A.G., Sarikhani, R., Nagaraju, D., 2010. Image processing and analysis of mapping alteration zones in environmental research, East of Kurdistan, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal 11, 278-283
DiPietro, J.A., Pogue, K.R., 2004. Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: a view from the west.Tectonics 23.
Dogan, H., 2008. Applications of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems to assess ferrous minerals and iron oxide of Tokat province in Turkey.International Journal of Remote Sensing 29, 221-233.
Eardley, A.J., 1942. Aerial photographs: their use and interpretation. Aerial photographs: their use and interpretation.
Ferrero, A., Forlani, G., Roncella, R., Voyat, H., 2009.Advanced geostructural survey methods applied to rock mass characterization. Rock mechanics and rock engineering 42, 631-665.
Ferrero, A.M., Migliazza, M., Roncella, R., Rabbi, E., 2011.Rock slopes risk assessment based on advanced geostructural survey techniques. Landslides 8, 221-231.
Gad, S., Kusky, T., 2006. Lithological mapping in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, the Barramiya area, using Landsat thematic mapper (TM). Journal of African Earth Sciences 44, 196-202.
Gaffey, S.J., 1986. Spectral reflectance of carbonate minerals in the visible and near infrared (O. 35-2.55 microns); calcite,aragonite, and dolomite. American Mineralogist 71, 151-162.
Goetz, A.F., Rowan, L.C., 1981. Geologic remote sensing.Science 211,781-791.
Hunt, G.R., Salisbury, J.W., 1971. Visible and near infrared spectra of minerals and rocks. II. Carbonates. Modern Geology 2, 23-30.
Imbroane, A., Melenti, C., Gorgan, D., 2007. Mineral Explorations by Landsat Image Ratios, Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing, 2007.SYNASC. International Symposium on. IEEE, pp. 335-340.
Jones, A., 1961. Reconnaissance geology of part of West Pakistan. A Colombo Plan Cooperative Project. Toronto,Canada: Government of Canada.
Kavak, K., 2005. Determination of palaeotectonic and neotectonic features around the Menderes Massif and the Gediz Graben (western Turkey) using Landsat TM image.International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 59-78.
Kavak, K., Inan, S., 2002. Enhancement facilities of SPOT XS imagery in remote sensing geology: an example from the Sivas Tertiary Basin (central Anatolia/Turkey). International Journal of Remote Sensing 23, 701-710
Kaya, Ş., Müftüog˘lu, O., Tüysüz, O., 2004. Tracing the geometry of an active fault using remote sensing and digital elevation model: Ganos segment, North Anatolian Fault zone, Turkey. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25, 3843-3855
Kottenstette, J., 2005. Measurement of geologic features using close range terrestrial photogrammetry, Alaska Rocks 2005, The 40th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS). American Rock Mechanics Association.
Latif, M., 1970. Explanatory notes on the geology of southeastern Hazara to accompany the revised geological map. Jahrb. Geol. Bundesanst 15, 5-20.
Mars, J.C., Rowan, L.C., 2010. Spectral assessment of new ASTER SWIR surface reflectance data products for spectroscopic mapping of rocks and minerals. Remote Sensing of Environment 114, 2011-2025.
MORRIS, R.H., 1964. ROCEDURES AND STUDIES IN PHOTOGEOLOGY. Bulletin-United States Geological Survey 1043.
Paine, D.P., Kiser, J.D., 2012. Aerial photography and image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons.
Qasim, M., Khan, M.A., Haneef, M., 2014. Stratigraphic characterization of the Early Cambrian Abbottabad Formation in the Sherwan area, Hazara region, N.Pakistan: Implications for Early Paleozoic stratigraphic correlation in NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences Volume47, 25-40.
Qasim, M., Khan, M.A., Haneef, M., 2015. Stratigraphic characterization and structural analysis of the northwestern Hazara Ranges across Panjal Thrust, northern Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 1-19.
Rajendran, S., Thirunavukkarasu, A., Balamurugan, G.,Shankar, K., 2011. Discrimination of iron ore deposits of granulite terrain of Southern Peninsular India using ASTER data. Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences 41, 99-106.
Rawashdeh, S.A., Saleh, B., Hamzah, M., 2006. The use of remote sensing technology in geological investigation and mineral detection in El Azraq-Jordan. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography.
Sabins, F.F., 1999. Remote sensing for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews 14, 157-183.
Schetselaar, E.M., Chung, C.-J.F., Kim, K.E., 2000.Integration of Landsat TM, Gamma-Ray, Magnetic, and Field Data to Discriminate Lithological Units in Vegetated. Remote Sensing of Environment 71, 89-105.
Vincent, R.K., 1997. Fundamentals of geological and environmental remote sensing. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River,NJ.
Wadia, D., 1931. The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 65,189-220.
Yamaguchi, Y., Kahle, A.B., Tsu, H., Kawakami, T., Pniel, M., 1998. Overview of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER). Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactionson 36, 1062-1071.
Yazdi, M., Taheri, M., Navi, P., Sadati, N., 2013. Landsat ETM+ imaging for mineral potential mapping: application to Avaj area, Qazvin, Iran. International journal of remote sensing 34, 5778-5795.
Yesou, H., Besnus, Y., Rolet, J., 1993. Extraction of spectral information from Landsat TM data and merger with SPOT panchromatic imagerya contribution to the study of geological structures. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 48, 23-36.
